Chang Dai-chien (1899-1983) was born in Neijiang in Sichuan. He first learned painting from his mother, and later he studied in Shanghai under Zeng Xi (1861-1930) and Li Ruiqing (1867-1920). He left China in 1949, exhibiting his painting in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. In 1976, he settled in Taipei at a studio he called “Abode of Maya.”
Four Panels of Lotuses in Ink (Chang Dai-chien, 1945) SOURCE: Four Panels of Lotuses in Ink (Chang Dai-chien,1945) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Flowing Waters in an Autumn Valley (Chang Dai-chien, 1948) SOURCE: Flowing Waters in an Autumn Valley (Chang Dai-chien,1948) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Halls of Immortals at Huayang (Chang Dai-chien, 1949) SOURCE: Halls of Immortals at Huayang (Chang Dai-chien,1949) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Scenery at the Garden of Eight Virtues (Chang Dai-chien, 1953) SOURCE: Scenery at the Garden of Eight Virtues (Chang Dai-chien,1953) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Vast Shoals and Distant Mountains (Chang Dai-chien, 1969) SOURCE: Vast Shoals and Distant Mountains (Chang Dai-chien, 1969) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
The aesthetic of jade is greatly appreciated by all Chinese. The stone is hard, yet glistens as if wet with water.
Jade Bi-Zun Vessels (Mid-Qing Dynasty) SOURCE: Jade Bi-Zun Vessels (Mid-Qing Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Jade Ewer (Mid-to-Late Ming Dynasty) SOURCE: Jade Ewer (Mid-to-Late Ming Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Jade Gong Vessel (Late Ming to Early Qing Dynasties) SOURCE: Jade Gong Vessel (Late Ming to Early Qing Dynasties) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Jade Miniature Mountain of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering (Qing Dynasty) SOURCE: Jade Miniature Mountain of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering (Qing Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
The Bronze Age in China started in the early 17th century B.C.E. and lasted from the late Xia, the Shang, the Western Zhou, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasties.
Incense Burner (Han Dynasty) SOURCE: Incense Burner (Han Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Lei Wine Vessel (Late Shang Dynasty) SOURCE: Lei Wine Vessel (Late Shang Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Pu Food Container (Mid Spring and Autumn Period) SOURCE: Pu Food Container (Mid Spring and Autumn Period) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Weapons (Shang to Western Zhou Dynasties) SOURCE: Weapons (Shang to Western Zhou Dynasties) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Ya-chou Clan Bronze Vessel – 1 (Shang to Western Zhou Dynasties) SOURCE: Ya-chou Clan Bronze Vessel – 1 (Shang to Western Zhou Dynasties) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Yi Water Vessel (Late Western Zhou Dynasty) SOURCE: Yi Water Vessel (Late Western Zhou Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Yi Water Vessel of Yi-yue (Mid Western Zhou Dynasty) SOURCE: Yi Water Vessel of Yi-yue (Mid Western Zhou Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
You Wine Vessel of Zhao and Ladle (Early Western Zhou Dynasty) SOURCE: You Wine Vessel of Zhao and Ladle (Early Western Zhou Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Zun Wine Vessel in the Shape of an Animal (Mid Warring States Period) SOURCE: Zun Wine Vessel in the Shape of an Animal (Mid Warring States Period) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Zun Wine Vessel in the Shape of a Bird-Headed Animal (Mid Warring States Period) SOURCE: Zun Wine Vessel in the Shape of a Bird-Headed Animal (Mid Warring States Period) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Ya-chou Clan Bronze Vessel – 2 (Shang to Western Zhou Dynasties) SOURCE: Ya-chou Clan Bronze Vessel – 2 (Shang to Western Zhou Dynasties) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Hu Wine Vessel of Lady Ji of Zeng (Early Warring States Period) SOURCE: Hu Wine Vessel of Lady Ji of Zeng (Early Warring States Period) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Hu Wine Vessel of Song (Late Western Zhou Dynasty) SOURCE: Hu Wine Vessel of Song (Late Western Zhou Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Hu Wine Vessel of Zeng-bo-qi (Late Western Zhou Dynasty) SOURCE: Hu Wine Vessel of Zeng-bo-qi (Late Western Zhou Dynasty) (National Palace Museum, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 19 April 2019.
Viewing Hong Kong and Kowloon from the water provides a much different view than one gets from the land.
Hong Kong and Kowloon SOURCE: Hong Kong and Kowloon (Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 17 April 2019.
Taikoo Place SOURCE: Taikoo Place (Eastern District, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 17 April 2019.
Kwun Tong District, Kowloon SOURCE: Kwun Tong District, Kowloon (Kwun Tong District, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 17 April 2019.
Public Housing Estates in Kwun Tong SOURCE: Public Housing Estates in Kwun Tong (Kwun Tong District, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 17 April 2019.
Ma Wan and Ma Pui Tsuen SOURCE: Ma Wan and Ma Pui Tsuen (Kwun Tong District, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 17 April 2019.
The bird lake in Kowloon Park includes a flamingo pond, a waterfowl pond, landscaped planting, and some bird shelters. In addition to the birds that are kept here, numerous native birds visit the bird pond, too.
Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) SOURCE: Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Lesser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) SOURCE: Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Black-Crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) SOURCE: Black-Crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Black-Necked Swan (Cygnus melancoryphus) SOURCE: Black-Necked Swan (Cygnus melancoryphus) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Nene (Branta sandvicensis) SOURCE: Nene (Branta sandvicensis) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
White Wagtail (Motacilla alba leucopsis) SOURCE: White Wagtail (Motacilla alba leucopsis) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Black-Collared Starling (Gracupica nigricollis) SOURCE: Black-Collared Starling (Gracupica nigricollis) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius) SOURCE: Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) SOURCE: Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Masked Laughingthrush (Pterorhinus perspicillatus) SOURCE: Masked Laughingthrush (Pterorhinus perspicillatus) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
The aviary in Kowloon Park includes 7 planted enclosures that house more than 90 birds from about 20 species.
Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna) SOURCE: Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Galah (Eolophus roseicapilla) SOURCE: Galah (Eolophus roseicapilla) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica) SOURCE: Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Pied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula bicolor) SOURCE: Pied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula bicolor) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Yellow-Headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) SOURCE: Yellow-Headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Yellow-Naped Amazon (Amazona auropalliata) SOURCE: Yellow-Naped Amazon (Amazona auropalliata) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Hong Kong’s Kowloon Park is home to many treasures, including the trees, the animals, and even the stairs to the park. The stairs are decorated to reveal paintings that can be viewed from Nathan Road.
Kowloon Park Stairway – Musicians SOURCE: Kowloon Park Stairway – Musicians (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Kowloon Park Stairway – Pond SOURCE: Kowloon Park Stairway – Pond (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) SOURCE: Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Coral Tree (Erythrina corallodendron) SOURCE: Coral Tree (Erythrina corallodendron) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Spider Tree (Crateva unilocularis) SOURCE: Coral Tree (Crateva unilocularis) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) SOURCE: Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
During a recent trip to Hong Kong, I visited the Hong Kong Avenue of Comic Stars, an area of Kowloon Park with statues of of characters from Hong Kong comics.
Cloud was drawn by artist Ma Wing-shing as a character in the comic Storm Riders. In the comic, two fellow disciples, Cloud and Wing, rise to fight in order to avoid disaster.
Cloud SOURCE: Cloud (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Chan Lok Kwan was drawn by artist Szeto Kim-kiu as a character in the comic Kowloon Walled City. In the comic, Chan Lok Kwan hides himself in the Kowloon Walled City to escape the hunting and killing by the big boss.
Chan Lok Kwan SOURCE: Chan Lok Kwan (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Dragon Lord was drawn by artist Khoo Fuk-lung (James) as a character in the comic Kowloon Walled City. In the comic, Dragon Lord is a warrior from heaven responsible for safeguarding the Sky Fixer, an artefact that maintains the balance of the universe.
Dragon Lord SOURCE: Dragon Lord (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Tiger Shark was drawn by artist Wan Yat-leung as a character in the comic Tiger Shark. In the comic, Tiger Shark has a mighty fist with self-destructive power which unleashes all the experience, feelings, and life of its user.
Tiger Shark SOURCE: Tiger Shark (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Bruce Lee was drawn by artist Vincent Kwong as a character in the comic Bruce Lee. The comic, which was published for almost 40 years, was a breakthrough, making martial art and combat themed comics a mainstream in Hong Kong.
Bruce Lee SOURCE: Bruce Lee (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Doggie was drawn by artist Cheng Kin-wo as a character in the comic God Legion. The comic unfolds during the Shang and Zhou dynasties in China when humans and gods both lived on earth. Doggie is the child of a human and a god, and he challenges the god’s authority on earth.
Doggie SOURCE: Doggie (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Andy Chan was drawn by artist Man Kai-ming as a character in the comic Teddy Boy. The comic describes the bonds of loyalty and brotherhood in underground Chinese society.
Andy Chan SOURCE: Andy Chan (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Wang Xiao Hu was drawn by artist Wong Yuk-long (Tony) as a character in the comic Tiger & Dragon Heroes. In the comic, Wang Xiao Hu helps form a martial arts school to punish evil doers.
Wang Xiao Hu SOURCE: Wang Xiao Hu (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
K was drawn by artist Li Chi-tat as a character in the comic K. In the comic, K is a Chinese agent (similar to James Bond) who is with a loose attitude toward romance and heroic characteristics.
K SOURCE: K (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Liaoyuan Huo was drawn by artist Chan Mou as a character in the comic The Ravages of Time. In the comic, Liaoyuan Huo, the chief of the mercenary assissins “Handicapped Warriors,” becomes the most invincible warrior of the time.
Liaoyuan Huo SOURCE: Liaoyuan Huo (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Guo Jing was drawn by artist Lee Chi-ching as a character in the comic The Legend of the Condor Heroes. In the comic, Guo Jing exhibit orthodox moral values and traditional chivalry.
Guo Jing SOURCE: Guo Jing (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Nan Gong Wen Tian was drawn by artist Wong Yuk-long (Tony) as a character in the comic Magical Weapons. In the comic, Nan Gong Wen Tian defends the Nan Gong Clan with the weapon known as Heaven’s Crystal.
Nan Gong Wen Tian SOURCE: Nan Gong Wen Tian (Kowloon Park, Yau Tsim Mong District, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China); photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 16 April 2019.
Lipno Powiat in the Płock Gubernia – 1907 Józef Michał Bazewicz, Atlas geograficzny ilustrowany Królestwa Polskiego (Litografia B. A. Bukaty, Warsaw, 1907); digital images, Mapywig (http://igrek.amzp.pl/details.php?id=11767109 : accessed 02 March 2019).
The administrative structure of the parishes of Bobrowniki, Czarne, Dobrzyń nad Wisłą, Grochowalsk, Karnkowo, Kikół, Lipno, Mazowsze, Mokowo, Skępe, Sumin, Tłuchowo, Wielgie, Wola, and Zaduszniki can be described as follows:
01 Jul 1569-22 Jan 1793: Village, Inowrocław Voivodeship, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
23 Jan 1793-04 Oct 1795: Village, Province of South Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
04 Oct 1795-08 Jul 1807: Village, Lipno Powiat, Kammerdepartement Płock, Province of New East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
09 Jul 1807-08 Jun 1815: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Duchy of Warsaw
09 Jun 1815-15 Jan 1816: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Congress Kingdom of Poland
16 Jan 1816-06 Mar 1837: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Voivodeship, Congress Kingdom of Poland
07 Mar 1837-10 Nov 1842: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
11 Nov 1842-30 Dec 1866: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
31 Dec 1866-07 Sep 1915: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
08 Sep 1915-10 Nov 1918: Village, Lipno Powiat, General Government of Warsaw, German Empire
11 Nov 1918-31 Mar 1938: Village, Lipno Powiat, Warsaw Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
01 Apr 1938-07 Oct 1939: Village, Lipno Powiat, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
08 Oct 1939-27 Jun 1945: Village, Kreis Leipe, Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, German Reich
28 Jun 1945-21 Jul 1952: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Republic of Poland
22 Jul 1952-31 May 1975: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
01 Jun 1975-30 Dec 1989: Village, Włocławek Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
31 Dec 1989-30 Dec 1998: Village, Włocławek Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
31 Dec 1998-Present: Village, Lipno Powiat, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
The administrative structure of the parishes of Dobrzejewice, Osiek nad Wisłą, and Skrzypkowo can be described as follows:
01 Jul 1569-22 Jan 1793: Village, Inowrocław Voivodeship, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
23 Jan 1793-04 Oct 1795: Village, Province of South Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
04 Oct 1795-08 Jul 1807: Village, Lipno Powiat, Kammerdepartement Płock, Province of New East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
09 Jul 1807-08 Jun 1815: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Duchy of Warsaw
09 Jun 1815-15 Jan 1816: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Congress Kingdom of Poland
16 Jan 1816-06 Mar 1837: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Voivodeship, Congress Kingdom of Poland
07 Mar 1837-10 Nov 1842: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
11 Nov 1842-30 Dec 1866: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
31 Dec 1866-07 Sep 1915: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
08 Sep 1915-10 Nov 1918: Village, Lipno Powiat, General Government of Warsaw, German Empire
11 Nov 1918-31 Mar 1938: Village, Lipno Powiat, Warsaw Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
01 Apr 1938-07 Oct 1939: Village, Lipno Powiat, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
08 Oct 1939-27 Jun 1945: Village, Kreis Leipe, Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, German Reich
28 Jun 1945-21 Jul 1952: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Republic of Poland
22 Jul 1952-31 May 1975: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
01 Jun 1975-30 Dec 1989: Village, Toruń Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
31 Dec 1989-30 Dec 1998: Village, Toruń Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
31 Dec 1998-Present: Village, Toruń Powiat, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
The administrative structure of the parish of Czernikowo can be described as follows:
01 Jul 1569-22 Jan 1793: Village, Inowrocław Voivodeship, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
23 Jan 1793-04 Oct 1795: Village, Province of South Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
04 Oct 1795-08 Jul 1807: Village, Lipno Powiat, Kammerdepartement Płock, Province of New East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
09 Jul 1807-08 Jun 1815: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Duchy of Warsaw
09 Jun 1815-15 Jan 1816: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Congress Kingdom of Poland
16 Jan 1816-06 Mar 1837: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Voivodeship, Congress Kingdom of Poland
07 Mar 1837-10 Nov 1842: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
11 Nov 1842-30 Dec 1866: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
31 Dec 1866-07 Sep 1915: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
08 Sep 1915-10 Nov 1918: Village, Lipno Powiat, General Government of Warsaw, German Empire
11 Nov 1918-31 Mar 1938: Village, Lipno Powiat, Warsaw Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
01 Apr 1938-07 Oct 1939: Village, Lipno Powiat, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
08 Oct 1939-27 Jun 1945: Village, Kreis Leipe, Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, German Reich
28 Jun 1945-21 Jul 1952: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Republic of Poland
22 Jul 1952-31 May 1975: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
01 Jun 1975-30 Dec 1989: Village, Włocławek Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
31 Dec 1989-30 Dec 1998: Village, Włocławek Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
31 Dec 1998-Present: Village, Toruń Powiat, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
The administrative structure of the parish of Chełmica Duża can be described as follows:
01 Jul 1569-22 Jan 1793: Village, Inowrocław Voivodeship, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
23 Jan 1793-04 Oct 1795: Village, Province of South Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
04 Oct 1795-08 Jul 1807: Village, Lipno Powiat, Kammerdepartement Płock, Province of New East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
09 Jul 1807-08 Jun 1815: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Duchy of Warsaw
09 Jun 1815-15 Jan 1816: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Congress Kingdom of Poland
16 Jan 1816-06 Mar 1837: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Voivodeship, Congress Kingdom of Poland
07 Mar 1837-10 Nov 1842: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
11 Nov 1842-30 Dec 1866: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
31 Dec 1866-07 Sep 1915: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
08 Sep 1915-10 Nov 1918: Village, Lipno Powiat, General Government of Warsaw, German Empire
11 Nov 1918-31 Mar 1938: Village, Lipno Powiat, Warsaw Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
01 Apr 1938-07 Oct 1939: Village, Lipno Powiat, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
08 Oct 1939-27 Jun 1945: Village, Kreis Leipe, Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, German Reich
28 Jun 1945-21 Jul 1952: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Republic of Poland
22 Jul 1952-31 May 1975: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
01 Jun 1975-30 Dec 1989: Village, Włocławek Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
31 Dec 1989-30 Dec 1998: Village, Włocławek Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
31 Dec 1998-Present: Village, Włocławek Powiat, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
The administrative structure of the parishes of Ciechocin, Nowogród, and Ostrowite can be described as follows:
01 Jul 1569-22 Jan 1793: Village, Inowrocław Voivodeship, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
23 Jan 1793-04 Oct 1795: Village, Province of South Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
04 Oct 1795-08 Jul 1807: Village, Lipno Powiat, Kammerdepartement Płock, Province of New East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
09 Jul 1807-08 Jun 1815: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Duchy of Warsaw
09 Jun 1815-15 Jan 1816: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Congress Kingdom of Poland
16 Jan 1816-06 Mar 1837: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Voivodeship, Congress Kingdom of Poland
07 Mar 1837-10 Nov 1842: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
11 Nov 1842-30 Dec 1866: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
31 Dec 1866-07 Sep 1915: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
08 Sep 1915-10 Nov 1918: Village, Lipno Powiat, General Government of Warsaw, German Empire
11 Nov 1918-31 Mar 1938: Village, Lipno Powiat, Warsaw Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
01 Apr 1938-07 Oct 1939: Village, Lipno Powiat, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
08 Oct 1939-27 Jun 1945: Village, Kreis Leipe, Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, German Reich
28 Jun 1945-21 Jul 1952: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Republic of Poland
22 Jul 1952-31 May 1975: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
01 Jun 1975-30 Dec 1989: Village, Toruń Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
31 Dec 1989-30 Dec 1998: Village, Toruń Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
31 Dec 1998-Present: Village, Golub-Dobrzyń Powiat, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
The administrative structure of the parish of Działyń can be described as follows:
01 Jul 1569-22 Jan 1793: Village, Inowrocław Voivodeship, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
23 Jan 1793-04 Oct 1795: Village, Province of South Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
04 Oct 1795-08 Jul 1807: Village, Lipno Powiat, Kammerdepartement Płock, Province of New East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
09 Jul 1807-08 Jun 1815: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Duchy of Warsaw
09 Jun 1815-15 Jan 1816: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Congress Kingdom of Poland
16 Jan 1816-06 Mar 1837: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Voivodeship, Congress Kingdom of Poland
07 Mar 1837-10 Nov 1842: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
11 Nov 1842-30 Dec 1866: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
31 Dec 1866-07 Sep 1915: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
08 Sep 1915-10 Nov 1918: Village, Lipno Powiat, General Government of Warsaw, German Empire
11 Nov 1918-31 Mar 1938: Village, Lipno Powiat, Warsaw Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
01 Apr 1938-07 Oct 1939: Village, Lipno Powiat, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
08 Oct 1939-27 Jun 1945: Village, Kreis Leipe, Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, German Reich
28 Jun 1945-21 Jul 1952: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Republic of Poland
22 Jul 1952-31 May 1975: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
01 Jun 1975-30 Dec 1989: Village, Włocławek Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
31 Dec 1989-30 Dec 1998: Village, Włocławek Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
31 Dec 1998-Present: Village, Golub-Dobrzyń Powiat, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
The administrative structure of the parishes of Bądkowo Kościelne, Rokicie, Sobowo, and Siecień can be described as follows:
01 Jul 1569-22 Jan 1793: Village, Inowrocław Voivodeship, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
23 Jan 1793-04 Oct 1795: Village, Province of South Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
04 Oct 1795-08 Jul 1807: Village, Lipno Powiat, Kammerdepartement Płock, Province of New East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
09 Jul 1807-08 Jun 1815: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Duchy of Warsaw
09 Jun 1815-15 Jan 1816: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Congress Kingdom of Poland
16 Jan 1816-06 Mar 1837: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Voivodeship, Congress Kingdom of Poland
07 Mar 1837-10 Nov 1842: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
11 Nov 1842-30 Dec 1866: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
31 Dec 1866-07 Sep 1915: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
08 Sep 1915-10 Nov 1918: Village, Lipno Powiat, General Government of Warsaw, German Empire
11 Nov 1918-31 Mar 1938: Village, Lipno Powiat, Warsaw Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
01 Apr 1938-07 Oct 1939: Village, Lipno Powiat, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
08 Oct 1939-27 Jun 1945: Village, Kreis Leipe, Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, German Reich
28 Jun 1945-21 Jul 1952: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Republic of Poland
22 Jul 1952-31 May 1975: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
01 Jun 1975-30 Dec 1989: Village, Płock Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
31 Dec 1989-30 Dec 1998: Village, Płock Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
31 Dec 1998-Present: Village, Płock Powiat, Masovian Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
The administrative structure of the parish of Ligowo can be described as follows:
01 Jul 1569-22 Jan 1793: Village, Inowrocław Voivodeship, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
23 Jan 1793-04 Oct 1795: Village, Province of South Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
04 Oct 1795-08 Jul 1807: Village, Lipno Powiat, Kammerdepartement Płock, Province of New East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
09 Jul 1807-08 Jun 1815: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Duchy of Warsaw
09 Jun 1815-15 Jan 1816: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Department, Congress Kingdom of Poland
16 Jan 1816-06 Mar 1837: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Voivodeship, Congress Kingdom of Poland
07 Mar 1837-10 Nov 1842: Village, Lipno Obwód, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
11 Nov 1842-30 Dec 1866: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
31 Dec 1866-07 Sep 1915: Village, Lipno Powiat, Płock Gubernia, Congress Kingdom of Poland
08 Sep 1915-10 Nov 1918: Village, Lipno Powiat, General Government of Warsaw, German Empire
11 Nov 1918-31 Mar 1938: Village, Lipno Powiat, Warsaw Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
01 Apr 1938-07 Oct 1939: Village, Lipno Powiat, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
08 Oct 1939-27 Jun 1945: Village, Kreis Leipe, Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, German Reich
28 Jun 1945-21 Jul 1952: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Republic of Poland
22 Jul 1952-31 May 1975: Village, Rypin Powiat, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
01 Jun 1975-30 Dec 1989: Village, Płock Voivodeship, Polish People’s Republic
31 Dec 1989-30 Dec 1998: Village, Płock Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
31 Dec 1998-Present: Village, Sierpc Powiat, Masovian Voivodeship, Third Polish Republic
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland refers to the territories under the control of the King of Poland. The Union of Lublin, signed on 01 July 1569, joined the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Union of Lublin transferred the Poldaskie, Volhynian (Wołyń), Podole, and Kiev (Kijów) Voivodeships from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – After 1667 Feliks Antoniewicz, Mapa dawnej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Jan Bernard Lange, Gniezno, 1891); digital images, Polona Digital Library (http://polona.pl/item/67740800/ : accessed 17 March 2019).
The territories of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland were divided into the Greater Poland Province (Wielkopolska) and the Lesser Poland Province (Małopolska).
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – 1770 J. M. Bazewicz, Mapa Polski z podziałem na województwa z 1770 rok oraz kilku ważniejszych okresów (Lit. Tow. B. A. Bukaty, Warsaw, before 1918); digital images, Polona Digital Library (http://polona.pl/item/67739482/ : accessed 17 March 2019).
Greater Poland Province (Wielkopolska) Greater Poland Proper
Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship (Powaits: Brzesc, Kowal, Kruszwica, Przedecz, and Radziejów)
Gniezno Voivodeship (Powiats: Gniezno, Kcynia, and Naklo); created from Kalisz Voivodeship in 1768
Inowrocław Voivodeship (Powiats: Bydgoszcz and Inowrocław)
Dobrzyń Ziemia (Powiats: Dobrzyń, Rypin, and Lipno)
Kalisz Voivodeship (Powiats: Gniezno, Kalisz, Kcynia, Konin, Nakło, and Pyzdry); in 1768, powiats Gniezno, Kcynia, and Nakło were transferred to the Gniezno Voivodeship, resulting in (Powiats: Kalisz, Konin, and Pyzdry)
Łęczyca Voivodeship (Powiats: Łęczyca, Brzeziny, and Orłów); an administrative restructuring in 1791 resulted in (Powiats: Inowłodz, Łęczyca, Brzeziny, and Orłów)
Poznań Voivodeship (Powiats: Poznań, Kościan, and Wałcz)
Wschowa Ziemia (Powiat: Wschowa)
Sieradz Voivodeship (Powiats: Piotrków, Radomsko, Sieradz, and Szadek)
Wieluń Ziemia (Powiats; Ostrzeszów and Wieluń)
Greater Poland Province (Wielkopolska) Mazovia
Mazovian Voivodeship
Ciechanów Ziemia (Powiats: Ciechanów, Przasnysz, and Sąchocin)
Czersk Ziema (Powiats: Czersk [sometimes called Garwolin], Grójec, and Warka)
Liw Ziemia (Powiat: Liw)
Łomża Ziemia (Powiats: Kolno, Łomża, Ostrołęka, and Zambrów)
Nur Ziemia (Powiat: Kamieńczyk, Nur, and Ostrów)
Różan Ziemia (Powiats: Różan and Maków)
Warsaw Ziemia (Powiats: Błonie, Tarczyn, and Warsaw)
Wiska Ziemia (Powiats: Radziłów, Wąsosz, and Wizna)
Wyszogród Ziemia (Powiat: Wyszogród)
Zakroczym Ziemia (Powiats: Nowe Miasto and Zakroczym)
Płock Voivodeship
Płock Ziemia (Powiats: Bielsk, Płock, Płońsk, Raciąż, and Sierpc)
Zawkrze Ziemia (Powiats Mława, Niedzbórz, and Szreńsk)
Rawa Voivodeship
Rawa Ziemia (Powiats: Biała and Rawa)
Gostynin Ziemia (Powiats: Gąbin and Gostynin)
Sochaczew Ziemia (Powiats: Mszczonów and Sochaczew)
Greater Poland Province (Wielkopolska) Royal Prussia
Chełmno Voivodeship (Powiats: Chełmno and Michałów); an administrative restructuring in 1764 resulted in:
Chełmno Ziemia (Powiats: Chełmno, Grudziądz, Kowalewo, Radzyń, and Toruń)
Michałowo Ziemia (Powiats: Brodnica and Nowe Miasto)
Malbork Voivodeship (Powiats: Elbląg, Kiszpork [also known as Dziergoń], Malbork, and Sztum)
Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
Pomeranian Voivodeship (Powiats: Człuchów, Gdańsk, Mirachów, Nowe, Puck, Świecie, Tczew, and Tuchola); an administrative restructuring in 1764 resulted in (Powiats: Człuchów, Gdańsk, Kościerzyna, Mirachów, Nowe, Puck, Skarszewy, Świecie, Tczew, and Tuchola)
Lesser Poland Province (Małopolska) Lesser Poland Proper
Kraków Voivodeship (Powiats: Biecz, Książ, Lelów, Sądek, Śląsk, Proszowice, and Szczyrzyc); in 1676 the administrative division included (Powiats: Biecz, Czchów, Kraków, Książ, Lelów, Sądek, Proszowice, and Szczyrzyc)
Duchy of Oświęcim and Zator (Powiats: Oświęcim and Zator)
Lublin Voivodeship (Powiats: Lublin and Urzędów)
Łuków Ziemia (Powiat: Łuków)
Sandomierz Voivodeship
Radom Ziemia (Powiats: Chęciny, Opoczno, and Radom)
Sandomierz Ziemia (Powiats: Pilzno, Sandomierz, and Wiślica)
Stężyca Ziemia (Powiat: Stężyca)
Lesser Poland Province (Małopolska) Podlaskie
Podlaskie Voivodeship
Bielsk Ziemia (Powiats: Brańsk, Tykocin, and Suraż)
Drohiczyn Ziemia
Mielnik Ziemia
Lesser Poland Province (Małopolska) Ruthenia
Bełz Voivodeship (Powiats: Belz, Grabowiec, Horodło, and Lubaczów)
Busk Ziemia (Powiat: Busk)
Podole Voivodeship (Powiats: Czerwonogród, Kamieniec, and Latyczów)
Ruthenian Voivodeship
Chełm Ziemia (Powiats: Chełm and Krasnystaw)
Halicz Ziemia (Powiats: Halicz, Kołomyja, and Trembowla)
Lwów Ziemia (Powiat: Lwów)
Przemyśl Ziemia (Powiats: Przemyśl and Przeworsk)
Sanok Ziemia (Powiat: Sanok)
Żydaczów Ziemia (Powiat: Żydaczów) sometimes part of Lwów Ziemia
Volhynian Voivodeship (Powiats: Krzemieniec, Łuck, and Włodzimierz)
Lesser Poland Province (Małopolska) Ukraine
Bracław Voivodeship (Powiats: Bracław, Winnicki, and Zwinogródka) an administrative restructuring in 1791 resulted in (Powiats: Bracław, Nadboh, Winnicki, and Zwinogródka)
Czernichów Voivodeship (Powiats: Chernihów and Nowogród) created in 1635, lost to Russia on 09 February 1667
Kijów Voivodeship (Powiats: Kijów, Owrucz, and Żytomierz) Kijów Powiat lost to Russia on 09 February 1667 resulting in (Powiats: Owrucz, and Żytomierz)
REFERENCES
Gloger, Zygmunt. 1900. Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. Warszawa: Spółka Wydawnicza Polska. Image copy. Wielkopolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa (http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=3149 : 2019).
Gloger, Zygmunt. 1991. Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. Warszawa: Wydawn. Wiedza Powszechna. Summary. Biblioteka Literatury Polskiej w Internecie (http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/ : 2019)
