For My Mother – Part 2: Marriage and Raising Children

When the United States entered World War II, all three of my maternal uncles joined the war effort: my mother’s older brother Ray entered the US Coast Guard, her younger brother Fred entered the US Naval Armed Guard, and her youngest brother Henry entered the US Army. All three survived the war.

My grandfather obtained a position as a mechanic with Worcester Pressed Steel and my grandmother obtained employment cleaning rooms at the Bancroft Hotel. On 24 July 1943, with the incomes from their new positions, they were able to buy a house on Barnes Avenue in Worcester, the house in which they would spend the rest of their lives.

Frank Danko and Jane Niedzialkowski - 15 Feb 1947

Frank Danko and Jane Niedzialkowski – 15 Feb 1947

SOURCE: Frank Danko and Jane Niedzialkowski. Photographer unknown. Photographed 15 Feb 1947.

On 22 May 1947 (just a few months after the above photograph was taken) my mother married Frank Danko, himself a World War II veteran who served in the US Naval Armed Guard. My mother wore a white silk gown and carried a bouquet of calla lilies. All her life she treasured her engagement ring, a tiny diamond made to appear larger in an illusion setting.

A few years later, my parents moved to Albany, New York with the promises of better jobs and a better life.

Several of my father’s brothers and sisters had previously moved to Albany, and so my parents were not completely alone there. My father began to work for his brother John who owned a Mobil Service Station in Albany, and my mother obtained employment with The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P) where she worked as a shopper. She would visit local A&P Grocery Stores, buy a specified list of items, and verify that the correct prices were charged at the register.

My parents lived in apartments on New Scotland Avenue and on Russell Road. Eventually they moved to 783 Park Avenue, a two family home owned by my father’s brother John. My older sister was born when our family lived on Russell Road, and my younger sister and I were born when the family lived on Park Avenue.

By the time I was born, my mother no longer worked outside the house. Money was tight, although it never seemed that we were lacking for any necessities of life.

My older sister came down with the measles on 29 May 1959. I, too, caught the measles on 10 June 1959, and finally my younger sister developed symptoms on 12 June 1959. I remember clearly the day my mother diagnosed me. It was a warm June day and I watched as my cousins and the neighborhood children splashed around in a wading pool in our backyard. My cousin Mary saw me through the window in my bedroom and called to me to come outside. I told Mary that my mother wouldn’t let me go outside because I had the measles. I’m not sure cousin Mary believed me.

On 09 May 1961, my sisters and I were admitted to the hospital to have our tonsils and adenoids removed. I imagine this was the first time since our births that my parents ever spent a night without us. A few months later, my parents bought a flat at 43 South Allen Street, a few blocks from the house in which we had lived on Park Avenue.

On 07 November 1961, just months after we moved into the new house, my younger sister contracted the mumps. Neither my older sister nor I developed symptoms despite our close contact with our younger sibling. A month later, on 12 December 1961, I came down with Chicken Pox. My two sisters followed suit two weeks later, on Christmas Day. The fact that my mother kept impeccable records of our health history is the only reason I know the dates on which my sisters and I developed the measles, mumps, and chicken pox.

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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For My Mother – Part 1: The Immigrants' Daughter

Today is my mother’s birthday. She was born on 06 October 1922 at home at 194 Prescott Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. She died on 16 April 1980 in St. Peter’s Hospital, Albany, New York at age 57. She would have been 85 years old today.

Niedzialkowskis at Sky Farm

Jane Niedzialkowski at Sky Farm

Back row on the far left: Henry Niedzialkowski; Back row on the far right: Jane Niedzialkowski (my mother) and Fred Niedzialkowski; Front row on the far left: Ray Niedzialkowski; Front row on the far right: Helen Chmielewski Niedzialkowski. SOURCE: Jane Niedzialkowski at Sky Farm. Photographer and date unknown.

My mother was born Jennie Niedzialkowski, the third of five children born to Polish immigrant parents Kostanty Niedzialkowski and Helen Chmielewski . She grew up on the corner of Prescott Street and North Street in Worcester, Massachusetts in a house parents had purchased in 1920 or 1921. In 1930, the house was worth $8000. The railroad tracks ran behind the house to the east and she could hear the trains as they passed. Across the street to the west lay the Worcester Rural Cemetery.

Close by to the northeast was the North Works of American Steel and Wire, one of the largest employers in Worcester at the time. Many of the workers filed past the house on Prescott Street when they left work for the day. To the southeast lay Institute Park and Salisbury Pond.

The first floor of the house was occupied by a grocery store operated by my mother’s parents. The family lived in a flat upstairs from the store and, when the store was busy, my grandfather would bang on the pipes to let my grandmother know that she was needed in the store. In 1930, a widow with two daughters lived in the uppermost flat and paid $19 per month in rent.

The neighborhood was populated by working-class families, many of them immigrants. Around the corner on Byron Street lived a French-Canadian family and an Irish family. On Prescott Street and the several side streets off Prescott (Brown Court, Moran Court, Redding Court, and others) lived Polish, Lithuanian, Irish, Finnish, and Swedish families. About half of the families in the neighborhood were formed from immigrant parents.

As a young girl, my mother spent time on Sky Farm Dairy, so named because it was located on top of a hill on Tuttle Road in Sterling, Massachusetts. The views from the farm were breathtaking, with views of Mount Wachusett, and on a clear day, views of the mountains in New Hampshire and Vermont. The farm was owned by my mother’s great uncle, Frank Niedzialkoski. My mother and her siblings sometimes spent their summers on the farm.

With the advent of the Great Depression in 1929, my mother’s family faced an unexpected crisis in the grocery store. Neighbors were out of work and couldn’t afford to pay for their groceries. My grandparents continued to sell groceries on credit, but many families couldn’t afford to pay their debts. Eventually, faced with growing debt themselves, the family was forced to close the grocery.

As a teenager, my mother changed her name to Jayne Nigel. She disliked the name Jennie, although her parents called her Jen all her life. She found a job and worked to help support her family during the hard times of the depression, using her earnings to buy food and soap.

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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Catholic Marriages in Quebec – The Blue Drouin

The Drouin Institute microfilmed all vital records in Quebec up through about 1940 (later in some areas). The microfilms include records for all religious denominations and even include some places in Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and places in the United States where French Canadians lived.

In addition to microfilming the actual records, the Drouin Institute indexed the marriages by the groom’s name in one series and by the bride’s name in another series. These indexes are known as the Blue Drouin, so-called because early editions of the indexes were bound in blue covers . They are also known as Répertoire alphabétique des mariages des Canadiens français, 1760 aÌ€ 1935 or as La Masculine and La Feminine. The indexes were compiled in two groups, each covering a different time period. The first group covers the years 1760-1865 and the second group covers 1865-1935. In some cases, marriages missed in the 1760-1865 indexes are included in the 1865-1935 indexes.

The Blue Drouin is available in book format or on microfiche at many libraries, including the Family History Library, the New England Historic Genealogical Society, Bibliotheque Nationale du Quebec, La Maison de la Genealogie, Université Laval Bibliothí¨que, Library and Archives Canada, and the Connecticut State Library.

Sample Page from the Blue Drouin

Sample Page from the Blue Drouin

SOURCE: Institut généalogique Drouin. Répertoire alphabétique des mariages des Canadiens français, 1760 à 1935: ordre masculin. Longueuil: Institut généalogique Drouin, microfiche, series 1865-1935.

This page is from the 1865-1935 series of grooms’ names. In this series, I unexpectedly found the marriage for one couple I was researching, even though the marriage occurred in 1775.

Marriage of Aubin Gamache and Marie Sylvestre in the Blue Drouin

Marriage of Aubin Gamache and Marie Sylvestre in the Blue Drouin

SOURCE: Institut généalogique Drouin. Répertoire alphabétique des mariages des Canadiens français, 1760 à 1935: ordre masculin. Longueuil: Institut généalogique Drouin, microfiche, series 1865-1935, Aubin Gamache-Marie Morin.

The index shows the following information:

Number of Microfilm with Original Record: 3118

Name of Groom: Aubin Gamache
Name of Groom’s Father: Pierre Gamache
Name of Groom’s Mother: Marie Genevieve Belanger

Name of Bride: Marie Moren
Name of Bride’s Father: Eustache Sylvestre
Name of Bride’s Mother: Marie Genevieve Roussin

Place of Marriage: Cap St. Ignace
Date of Marriage: 13 Feb 1775

These indexes frequently abbreviate names, include all information in lower case, and employ frequent hyphenation. The surnames of the fathers are usually omitted, unless the surname is different from the participant.
The following abbreviations appear in this particular record:

  • pre = Pierre
  • m.= Marie
  • genev. = Genevieve
  • fev. = Fevrier = February
  • st = Saint

One feature of this index record that confuses me is that the bride’s name is listed as Marie Morin, while the baptismal records for her children listed her name as Marie Genevieve Sylvestre. The Sylvestre surname is confirmed by the name of the father in the index. Does this mean that Marie Genevieve was previously married to someone with the surname Morin?

I had intended to enter this article in the most recent Carnival of Genealogy but, due to computer problems, I was unable to access the images I’ve included here. The best-laid plans of mice and men…

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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Sunday at PGSA – Haller's Polish Army in France

On Sunday at the Annual Conference of the Polish Genealogical Society of America, Paul Valasek discussed Haller’s Polish Army in France and how the records of Haller’s Army can be of use to family historians.

Paul Valasek at PGSA

Paul Valasek

SOURCE: Photograph of Paul Valasek. Photographed by Stephen J. Danko 30 Sep 2007.

The Polish Army in France, also known as Haller’s Army, was recruited from American and Canadian residents mainly of Polish ethnicity. This volunteer army fought in France at the end of World War I and continued to fight for Poland’s independence in the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921.

Recruitment centers were formed in Milwaukee, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Wilkes-Barre, New York, Boston, and Bridgeport starting in October 1917. Recruitment for the army for Polish independence continued until February 1919.

Because the US government opposed the training of a foreign army on US soil, recruits were trained at Butler’s Barracks at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. The first troop left for France in December 1917.

The commanding general of this force, Jozef Haller, was born in Galicia (Austrian-Poland) near Krakow. He served as a colonel in the Austrian Army in World War I and traveled through Russia to France.

As Europe’s borders were redrawn after World War I, Haller’s Army joined with former prisoners of war and Pilsudski’s Legions to establish Poland’s eastern borders with the Soviet Union.

At the end of the Polish-Soviet War, many members of Haller’s Army returned to North America to rejoin their families.

Paul Valasek has published a book on Haller’s Army, including much historical information and details of records generated by the army:

Valasek, Paul S. 2006. Haller’s Polish Army in France. [Naples, Fla.]: Whitehall Printing.

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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Sunday at PGSA – Polish Genealogy & The Family History Library

Orvill S. Paller, Collection Management Specialist for Poland at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, presented a lecture on Polish Genealogy & The Family History Library. His discussion included:

  1. Identifying & Prioritizing Records
  2. Acquisitions in Poland
  3. Records at the Family History Library (FHL)
  4. Family Search Indexing
  5. Records Search

The process of finding and obtaining new records for the collection of the FHL involves a process of identifying records, visiting the archives, prioritizing records, and collaborating with the archives.

Collection management at the FHL:

  • Identifies and prioritizes records to be acquired, learning what types of records are available: church records, civil registration, census records, etc.
  • Identifies the time periods and locations the records encompass
  • Identify the archives that hold the records

Acquisitions in Poland began in May 1967 by the Genealogical Society of Utah (now referred to as FamilySearch). The content management specialist for Poland focuses exclusively on archives and repositories in Poland. The goal is the long term preservation of records through digital storage. Storage is in transition from microfilm to digital capture.

Current preservation efforts include records from Radom, Lublin, Czestochowa, and Opole. Only Opole records are being microfilmed. Records from the other areas are captured digitally. The initial focus has been on diocesan and archdiocesan archives.

Digital images are not yet available to the public.

Current negotiations are underway with both church archives and state archives in Poland for new acquisitions. As microfilmed records are converted to digital format in preparation for dissemination of those records via the Internet, existing contracts must be renegotiated. Earlier contracts did not include digital publication rights, and so all previous contracts must be renegotiated to enable the FHL to publish microfilmed records to the Internet.

Microfilmed records are maintained on master copies held at the Granite Mountain Records Vault near Salt Lake City. Over 2.7 million rolls of microfilm are currently housed at the Granite Mountain Records Vault. Copies of most of these films may be rented through local Family History Centers throughout the world, but a small part of the collection cannot be circulated outside of the FHL due to stipulations in the contracts with the owners of the original records.

Preparation is important when searching for records in the collection of the FHL:

  • Who is the immigrant ancestor?
  • In what Polish village was he or she born?
  • Where is this village located?
  • What religion did the ancestor practice?
  • Where is the parish for this village?

FHL catalog entries use specific gazetteers. A single village may be listed under more than one name, in more than one country, due to the changing borders of Poland. In Poland, villages are named according to the Spis. In Germany, places are named according to Meyer’s Ort. When conducting a place search in the FHL catalog, diacritical marks are not needed.

If the film notes for a particular microfilm states VAULT, the microfilm is not physically located at the FHL, but may be ordered in advance, before a visit to the FHL. Otherwise, the staff requires between one and three days to transfer VAULT films from the Granite Mountain Records Vault to the FHL.

When searching the FHL Catalog, be aware that errors may exist. One may obtain different results depending on how the catalog is searched. For example, a village that is currently in Poland but was previously in Germany may display two record sets under the listing for one country, but only one record set in the other country.

The current effort to bring microfilmed records to the Internet is enlisting volunteers to index the records. http://www.familysearchindexing.org allows volunteers to download free indexing software and then index the records of their choice. Two current indexing efforts are the 1900 US Census and the 1871 Census of Canada. The FHL currently has 30,000 volunteer indexers at work and hopes to enlist the efforts of 100,000 indexers by the end of the year.

Eventually the FHL intends to revamp the FamilySearch website and deliver images through that portal.

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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Saturday at PGSA – One Way Ticket: Polish Repatriation & Resettlement Records Post WWII

Matthew Bielawa’s third lecture on Saturday was about Polish repatriation and resettlement after World War II.

As World War Ii drew to an end, the Allies met to redraw the map of Europe. The United States, USSR, and United Kingdom held three historic meetings at Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam.

In the end, Poland’s borders moved 200 km west. Poland lost 178,000 sq km to the USSR in the east, but gained 101,000 sq km from Germany in the west.

As a result of these changes in Poland’s borders, there was a massive population exchange. Ethnic Poles in the Ukraine moved west. Ethnic Germans in Poland, moved west. Ethnic Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lithuanians outside the USSR moved east.

In effect, these movements amounted to government sanctioned ethnic cleansing.

Understanding these movements helps explain why Polish relatives no longer live where they did before World War II, helps one locate records regarding resettlement, find relatives who moved to different regions of Poland, and understand how relatives born in Lviv died hundreds of kilometers to the west.

After World War II, Poles fled westward for many reasons including fear of the Soviets (remembering the events in 1939) and fear of Ukrainian nationalists “Banderowcy”. Many people thought the relocation was temporary. It was not. Theoretically, those relocated did so voluntarily and were compensated.

Relocation involved a difficult journey on crowded trains with lack of food, freezing temperatures in winter, and massive delays.

On occasion, those being relocated were stuck in train stations as they waited for the Germans to leave the war-damaged houses that were to become the new homes of the displaced.

Challenges to the genealogist include finding the location to which people were relocated, dealing with many different archives across national borders, and dealing with changing names of villages as Polish villages became Ukrainian and German villages became Polish.

The Polish government created the agency Państwowy Urząd Repatriacyjny” or PUR, to oversee the resettlement after World War II. Documents created by this agency include:

  • Registration lists of repatriates and resettlers
  • Village and town records of repatriates and resettlers
  • letters concerning individuals
  • memos regarding the living situations, transportation, and conditions of the people

The collection of papers assembled by PUR is found all over Poland, mostly in the State Archives closest to the location with which the documents are concerned. Unfortunately, the documents in the PUR collection are sorted by county (Powiat) and not by the names of the people mentioned in the documents.

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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Saturday at PGSA – Gazetteers and Geographic Finding Aids in Polish Genealogical Research

Matthew Bielawa’s second lecture on Saturday dealt with Gazetteers and Geographic Finding Aids for Poland.

Matthew defined “gazetteer” as any reference or finding aid that deals with geography or localities. Gazetteer can help identify the parish for a particular locaility, can help find alternate spellings of village names and equivalents in other languages, can help find neighboring villages and parishes to help locate “missing” relatives, and can provide facts about ancestral villages to help flesh out a family history.

Different gazetteers are needed for different time periods and for different regions. Before World War I, Poland was partitioned among three empires: the Russian Empire, the Prussian or German Empire, and the Austrian or Austro-Hungarian Empire (the region commonly referred to as Galicia).

The king of all Polish gazetteers is the Słownik Geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i Innych Krajów Słowiańskich (The Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and Other Slavonic Countries). This gazetteer includes 15 volumes and covers all three partitions of Poland. It is available online, on CD, on microfilm, or in book form.

The Słownik, however, is challenging to use. The text is in paragraph format and is written in Polish with archaic terminology. Descriptions of places are sometimes detailed, sometimes sketchy. Online instructions on using the Słownik can be found at http://www.halgal.com/slownik.html.

The best gazetteer for the Austrian Partition of Poland is the Genealogical Gazetteer of Galicia by Brian Lenius. This work compikes the information of over twenty gazetteers into one, easy to use version in English, and includes pertinent information for research in any religion.

Volume 10 of the Gemeindelexikon der im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Lí¤nder (Gazetteer of the Crown Lands and Territories Represented in the Imperial Council) was published in 1910 and describes Galicia. The Gemeindelexikon is written in an easy to use columnar format and instructions can be forund at http://www.halgal.com/gemeindelexikon.html.

The Gemeindelexicon is available on microfilm through the Family History Library and online through the Brigham Young University Library.

The Gemeindelexicon fí¼r das Königreich Preussen covers the entire empire and is based on the 1905 census. The inforation is provided in a columnar format and lists both the parish center (for church records) and the administrative center (for civil registration). The gazetteer is written in old style fraktur.

Meyers Orts- und Verkehrs Lexikon des Deutschen Reich (Meyer’s Gazetteer and Directory of the German Empire) is another useful gazetteer of the Prussian Partition. Meyer’s Ort is written in fraktur and includes many abbreviations.

Kartenmeister at http://www.kartenmeister.com includes information on areas east of the Oder and Neisse rivers.

In the Russian Partition, the Spiski naselennyh mest Rossiiskoi imperii (Gazetteer of  Populated Places of the Russian Empire) was published in 1861 and is on 420 microfiche at the Family History Library. This gazetteer is in Russian, but is written in a columnar format. Information is arranged by Russian province then by volost. some volumes are missing.

After Polish independence, the Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z oznaczeniem terytorjalnie im właściwych władz i urzędów oraz urządzeń komunikacyjnych (Index of Placenames of the Republic of Poland with corresponding governmental agencies and offices, including communication facilities) is the gazetteer of the Second Polish Republic and is useful for the period from 1918-1945. It is available online.

The Spis miejscowości Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (List of Official Names of Localitites in the Polish People’s Reublic) provides information about Polish provinces between 1945-1975.

Księgi metrykalne i stanu cywilnego w archiwach państwowych w Polsce: Informator (Metrical Books for the State Archives in Poland) published in 1998 and 1990 lists thousands of parishes for which there are vital records in the Polish National Archive System. More information is available at http://www.halgal.com/ksiegimetrykalne.html.

The Josephinian and Franciscan Metric (the first land cadastres of Galicia) was published in 1965 lists locations in Galicia and is written in Ukrainian.

Other resources include A History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Alphabetical Index of Localities of the Former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Short Toponymic Dictionary in Belrus, and Gazetteer of Polulated Place in Belarussian Societ Socialist Republic.

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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Saturday at PGSA – Researching Polish Ancestry in Ukraine

On Saturday, Matthew Bielawa presented a seminar on Researching Polish Ancestry in Ukraine.

Matthew Bielawa and Steve Danko

Matthew Bielawa and Stephen Danko

SOURCE: Matthew Bielawa and Stephen Danko photograph . Digital photograph taken 29 Sep 2007. Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko.

Matthew described the rationale and strategies for researching Polish roots in Ukraine. Many genealogists researching Polish ancestry may find that their families resided at some time within the current borders of Ukraine and, thus, will want to understand the history of Poland and Ukraine in order to better understand their family history and to find records relevant to their families.

Despite the fact that Poland and Ukraine are different countries today, the historic territory occupied by Poland and the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth once included much of the area currently within Ukraine.

In the 1340s, Casimir the Great inherited Red Rus (Ukraine). In 1386, with the Union of Krewo, the Polish Jadwiga married the Lithuanian Jagiello, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was established in 1569 with the Union of Lublin.

In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky led a great revolt against the Polish rule and in 1654 Khmelnytsky formed the Treaty of Pereyaslav with Russia. This treaty, intended to protect the independence of Ukraine, led to the domination of Ukraine by Russia and, later, by the Soviet Union.

In 1918, with the independence of Poland, much of western Ukraine again fell under Polish control. After the invasion of Poland by Russia in World War II, the borders of the region were again redrawn, establishing Ukraine as part of the Soviet Union. In 1991, with the fall of the Soviet Union, Ukraine finally gained its long-sought goal of independence.

While Poland and Ukraine share a common history, many basic difference between the two cultures are apparent. While both languages are Slavic, Polish is a west Slavic language using the Latin alphabet, and Ukrainian is an east Slavic language using the Cyrillic alphabet. For the most part, most Poles are Roman Catholic, while most Ukrainians are Greek Catholics.

After the Council of Trent in 1563, Catholic priests were required to keep the records of baptisms and marriages. In 1613, Catholic preists were also required to keep records of deaths. Both Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic priests could maintain these records, and so records of baptisms, marriages, and deaths may be found in the records of either Roman Catholic or Greek Catholic parishes.

The records themselves are now located in a number of different archives, including those in both Poland and Ukraine:

  • Archive of Old Documents (AGAD) in Warsaw
  • Zabużański Collection in Warsaw
  • Provincial State Archives throughout Poland
  • Archdiocesan Archives in Lubaczów, Poland
  • Archdiocesan Archives in Przemyśl, Poland
  • Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine, Kyiv
  • Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine, Lviv
  • Provincial State Archives throughout Ukraine

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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Saturday at PGSA – The Liber Mortuorum

On Saturday at the Polish Genealogical Society of America Conference, Dr. Małgorzata Nowaczyk presented a seminar on the Liber Mortuorum or the Book of Deaths, a register written in Latin containing details of all deaths in a Polish parish. In addition to information on the date of death and name and age of the deceased, the Liber Mortuorum frequently includes the cause of death, and the cause of death was the subject of the bulk of Małgorzata’s talk.

All too often, the cause of death is listed simply as:

  • Senectus, marasmus senilis: old age
  • Naturalia: death of natural causes
  • Ordinaria: ordinary cause of death
  • Indetermina: cause unknown

However, if one is lucky, the disease may be described by a description of the external signs of the disease or the name of the diseased organ:

  • Dolor ventris: abdominal pain
  • Dolor pectoris: chest pain (e.g. heart attack, pleurisy)
  • Subita mortis: sudden death (e.g. heart attack, brain hemorrhage)
  • Tussis: cough (e.g. tuberculosis, pneumonia)
  • Dyspnea: difficulty breathing (e.g. cancer, tuberculosis, asthma)
  • Hydropsis: edema
  • Dolor capitis: headache (e.g. brain hemorrhage, stroke, brain cancer)
  • Delirium: delerium (e.g. fever, brain infection)
  • Paralysis: paralysis (e.g. stroke, chronic nervous system disease)
  • Apoplexis: apoplexy (e.g. stroke)
  • Convulsio: convulsions (e.g. epilepsy, stroke, tetanus)
  • Tumor, massa, tuber: cancer
  • Variola: smallpox
  • Varicella: chicken pox
  • Rubeola: measles
  • Febris: fever
  • Mors puerpera, mors ad partum: Complications due to pregnancy, labor, or delivery
  • Morte in aqua embrio: neonatal death
  • Trucidatio, homicidio: murder
  • Venetatus, venetata: poisoned
  • Casus bellicus: victim of war
  • Grassans: highway robbers
  • Submersus aquii: drowning
  • Combustion: death by fire

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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Friday at the Polish Genealogical Society of America Conference

Friday was a busy day at the Polish Genealogical Society of America Conference, despite the fact that the sessions didn’t officially begin until 4 PM.

I attended four sessions: Hands-On Approach to Learning the Cyrillic Alphabet, Genetics and Genealogy, The Polish Project, and Polish Research at Footnote.com.

Hands-On Approach to Learning the Cyrillic Alphabet

Matthew Bielawa walked the audience through the Cyrillic alphabet, a first step Polish researchers need to take in order to find and read genealogically-relevant records in the Russian-controlled areas of Poland after the partitions.

In 1867, the Russian government required that all parish records in Russian-Poland be recorded in Russian rather than Polish. For that reason, those researching records in that region must be familiar with the Cyrillic alphabet in order to effectively find and read parish documents recorded between about 1867 and 1918.

Matthew examined the letters in the Cyrillic alphabet, grouping the letters into those similar to English characters, those that resemble English characters but are different, and those that are distinctively different than English.

In the process of showing the audience the Cyrillic letters, Matthew also described the proununciation of those letters and the equivalents in the Polish language. One particular point to note is that the Cyrillic alphabet was created with Slavic languages in mind, while the Latin alphabet was not.

Thus, only one Cyrillic character is required to describe a single sound in Russian, while as many as four Latin characters may be necessary to describe the same sound in Polish, leading to the common szcz letter combination that tends to befuddle those whose first language is English.

Genetics and Genealogy

Dr. Malgorzata Nowaczyk presented a brief introduction to genetics, starting with a history of genetics and moving on to a description of how genetics can help uncover our links to the past.

Malgorzata described “The Seven Daughters of Eve”, known in Poland as “The Seven Mothers of Europe”, a book by Bryan Sykes that analyzes the major genetic groups of people in Europe, based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA can be used to trace one’s matrilineal origins, that is, the inheritance of DNA through one’s mother’s mother’s mother’s mother.

In another example, Malgorzata showed how analysis of mitochondrial DNA provided the possible identification of a number of skeletons thought to be those of the Romanov family executed by Lenin at the time of the Russian Revolution. She also mentioned a recent report that two other skeletons have been discovered that may be Prince Alexei and Princess Maria. DNA analysis may help determine if those two sets of remains match the royal family’s genetic makeup.

The Polish Project

Larry Mayka is the volunteer project manager for the Polish Project at Family Tree DNA.

Larry presented an overview of the types of DNA tests available through Family Tree DNA and described how those tests may be useful in researching one’s origins.

In particular, Larry told the audience how they can participate in the Poland Project and compare their DNA results with other project participants and with external databases.

The project webpage is located at https://www.familytreedna.com/public/polish/ . Larry emphasized that the Poland Project includes everyone from the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including present-day Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, and Ukraine.

Those who wish to have their DNA analyzed by Family Tree DNA receive a discount if they are members of a project such as the Poland Project.

Polish Research at Footnote.com

Beau Sharbrough and Friends

Orvill Paller, Beau Sharbrough and Gary Green

SOURCE: Orvill Paller, Beau Sharbrough and Gary Green. Photographed by Stephen J. Danko 29 Sep 2007.

Orvill Paller is Collection Management Specialist (Poland) for the Family History Library; Beau Sharbrough is Director of Content Acquisition for Footnote.com; Gary Green is a friend and former Houston high school buddy of Beau Sharbrough.

Beau Sharbrough described the Footnote.com site, a relatively new venture to make images of historical documents available on the web.

Many of the images on Footnote.com are obtained from the National Archives and from the Family History Library. At present, images of interest to genealogists include military records, immigration and naturalization records, city directories, vital records, and state census records.

In addition Footnote.com provides a wealth of other historical documents, including the papers of the Continental Congress and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Beau further described how users can add their own images to the site and share them with others. The owners of uploaded images maintain control of their images and retain the ability to remove them at some future time if they no longer wish to share them. Footnote.com does not claim user-contributed content as its own.

Furthermore, users can annotate documents on Footnote.com, adding transcriptions, abstracts, and additional information.

What’s more, a basic membership to Footnote.com is free. Searches are free. Even the ability to view low-resolution images and additional information about the images is free. Users only need to pay when they wish to view, download, or print a full-resolution image. Even then, users can choose to pay-per-view, purchase a monthly subscription, or purchase an annual subscription.

Tomorrow: A full day of seminars at the Annual Conference of the Polish Genealogical Society of America.

Copyright © 2007 by Stephen J. Danko

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