Autumn Harvest at Filoli

Today, I stopped by Filoli to take some pictures of the apples and pears ready for harvest.

Malus domestica 'Red Delicious'

Apple Malus domestica ‘Red Delicious’

SOURCE: Apple Malus domestica ‘Red Delicious’ (Woodside, San Mateo County, California). Photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 30 Sep 2008.

Malus baccata 'Siberian Crab'

Crabapple Malus baccata ‘Siberian Crab’

SOURCE: Crabapple Malus baccata ‘Siberian crab’ (Woodside, San Mateo County, California). Photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 30 Sep 2008.

Malus domestica 'Swaar'

Apple Malus domestica ‘Swaar’

SOURCE: Apple Malus domestia ‘Swaar’ (Woodside, San Mateo County, California). Photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 30 Sep 2008.

Pyrus communis 'Beurre Clairgeau'

Pear Pyrus communis ‘Beurre Clairgeau’

SOURCE: Pear Pyrus communis ‘Beurre Clairgeau’ (Woodside, San Mateo County, California). Photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 30 Sep 2008.

Malus domestica 'Winter Banana'

Apple Malus domestica ‘Winter Banana’

SOURCE: Apple Malus baccata ‘Winter Banana’ (Woodside, San Mateo County, California). Photographed by Stephen J. Danko on 30 Sep 2008.

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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The Birth and Baptism of Czesława Niedziałkowska – 1889

On 21 Dec 1889, Czesława Niedziałkowska, daughter of Jan Niedziałkowski and Ludwika Pomaska, was born. She was baptized in the parish of in Szwelice, Okręg makowski, Guberniya Lomzhinskaya, Vistulan Country, Russian Empire on 29 Dec 1889.

The Birth and Baptismal Record of Czeslawa Niedzialkowska - 1889

The Birth and Baptismal Record of Czesława Niedziałkowska – 1889

SOURCE: Parafia pw. św. Jana Chrzciciela (Szwelice, Okręg makowski, Guberniya Lomzhinskaya, Vistulan Country, Russian Empire, “Księga ochrzczonych parafii Szwelice od 1885 do 1889. [Book of baptisms of the Szwelice parish from 1885 to 1889.],” item 4, entry 107, Czesława Niedziałkowska, 29 Dec 1889; filmed as Kopie księg metrykalnych, 1693-1904; FHL INTL microfilm 1,958,807.

Click on the image above to enlarge it. Click on the link for a PDF copy of the Birth and Baptismal Record of Czesława Niedziałkowska – 1889. Translated from the Russian the record reads:

Sikuty No. 107

It happened in the village of Szwelice on the seventeenth /: twenty-ninth :/ of December, in the year one-thousand eight-hundred eighty-nine, at one o’clock in the afternoon. There appeared: Jan Niedziałkowski /: Jan Niedziałkowski :/ [one word?] and residing in Sikuty with his relatives, twenty-three years of age: in the presence of: Wojciech Niedziałkowski forty-five years of age, and Ludwik Niedziałkowski fifty years of age, noble landowners residing in Pomaski; and he presented to us a child of the female sex stating that she was born in Sikuty on the ninth /: twenty-first :/ of the current month and year, at nine o’clock in the morning, of his lawful wife Ludwika née Pomaska /: Ludwika née Pomaska :/ twenty-six years of age. To this child at Holy Baptism performed on this date [Nalki?] was given the name Czesława /: Czesława / and the Godparents were Michał Zachariasz Chrzanowski and Helena Pomaska. This document was read to the declarants and illiterate witnesses and was signed by Us alone.
Administrator of the Szwelice parish and keeper of vital records. [signed] Rev[erend] J. Zgliczyński

There were two sections of this record that stumped me. I could not understand the occupation of the father and I could not understand one word after “performed on this date”. I was also a little uncertain about the correct names of the Godparents.

The child named in this record was my great grand aunt, the sister of my great grandfather, Teofil Niedziałkowski.

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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The Marriage of Jan Niedziałkowski and Ludwika Pomaska – 1889 – Part 2

In yesterday’s post, I showed the Marriage Record of Jan Niedziałkowski and Ludwika Pomaska who were married in the parish church in Szwelice, Okręg makowski, Guberniya Lomzhinskaya, Vistulan Country, Russian Empire on 13 Feb 1889.

I transcribed the Russian document yesterday, but didn’t have time to translate it before I posted the image of the record.

Before I could translate the document today, Matthew Bielawa of the Genealogy of Halychyna and Eastern Galicia website sent me an email and included a translation of the marriage record. Thank you very, very much, Matthew!

Click on the link for a PDF copy of the Marriage Record of Jan Niedziałkowski and Ludwika Pomaska – 1889. According to Matthew Bielawa, the document reads:

Sikuty, No. 7

Having occurred in the village of Szwelice on the 1st/13th of February 1889 at 5 o’clock in the afternoon it was announced that in the presence of the witnesses: Maciej Chrzanowski 36 years old from Sikuty and Ludwik Niedziałkowski 60 year old resident of Pomaski, both noble landowners, concluded on this date a religious marital union between Jan Niedziałkowski, 22 year old bachelor, son of Wojciech and Julianna née Gutowska, born in the village of Miłosna of the Nowominsk district, and residing in Pomaski with his noble landowner parents, and Ludwika Pomaska, 26 year old unwed daughter of the deceased Józef and Marianna Chodkowska, born in Pomaski and residing with her family in Sikuty. This marriage was preceded by 3 public announcements in the Szwelice parish church on the Sundays of 1st/13th, 8th/20th, 15th/27th of January of this year .  The newlyweds declared that there was no marital agreement between them .  The marital union was conducted by the priest Jan Zgliczyński, local administrator .  This record was read to the newlyweds and witness and signed by the first witness Maciej Chrzanowski, the newlyweds and second witness are illiterate . 

Administrator of the Szwelice parish and civil registrar: Father J. Zgliczyński

Maciej Chrzanowski

I had not previously known that my great-great grandparents, Wojciech Niedziałkowski and Julianna Gutowska, had a son named Jan. In fact, I’m missing quite a few records on my grandparents, great grandparents, and great-great grandparents.

I know that my great-great grandfather Wojciech Niedziałkowski was born 27 Aug 1836 in Godacze, Powiat ciechanowski, Wojewódstwo płockiej, Congress Kingdom of Poland and was baptized in the Krasne parish church . I know he married Julianna Gutowska, but I haven’t found a marriage record for the couple.

My great grandfather, Teofil Niedzialkowski, was born in about 1861, based on his age as recorded in Wojceich’s death and burial record . However, I still haven’t found a birth/baptismal record for Teofil.

I have found birth/baptismal records in the Szwelice parish for the following children of Wojciech Niedziałkowski and Julianna Gutowska:

With the Marriage Record of Jan Niedziałkowski and Ludwika Pomaska, I now know that Jan was born in about 1867 in Milosna of the Nowominsk district. This still leaves a significant gap of about six years between the births of Teofil and Jan. I suspect more children were born during that period.

I also know from Julianna Gutowska’s death and burial record that she was born in about 1833 in Holy Cross parish in Warsaw.

The fact that Jan Niedziałkowski was born in Milosna (near Warsaw and Minsk-Mazowiecki) seems to pull Julianna Gutowska’s birth place close to that of her son, Jan. I am now working on the hypothesis that Wojciech Niedziałkowski and Julianna Gutowska may have been married in the parish to which Milosna belongs, and that their first few children were also born in Milosna. If this is correct, I may now be able to find my great-great grandparents’ marriage record and the birth/baptismal records of their first few children, including that of my great grandfather, Teofil Niedziałkowski.

The village of Miłosna belongs to the parish of Wiązowna. The Family History Library has microfilmed the parish records from 1810-1879 which covers the years of interest for the marriage of Wojciech Nieziałkowski and Julianna Gutowska and the births of their first children.

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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The Marriage of Jan Niedziałkowski and Ludwika Pomaska – 1889 – Part 1

While at the Family History Center in San Bruno on Wednesday, I discovered the 1889 marriage record for Jan Niedziałkowski and Ludwika Pomaska.

The Marriage Record of Jan Niedzialkowski and Ludwika Pomaska - 1889

The Marriage Record of Jan Niedziałkowski and Ludwika Pomaska – 1889

SOURCE: Parafia pw. św. Jana Chrzciciela (Szwelice, Okręg makowski, Guberniya Lomzhinskaya, Vistulan Country, Russian Empire, “Księga zaślubionych parafii Szwelice od 1882 do 1889. [Book of marriages of the Szwelice parish from 1882 to 1889.],” item 2, entry 7, Jan Niedziałkowski & Ludwika Pomaska, 13 Feb 1889; filmed as Kopie księg metrykalnych, 1693-1904; FHL INTL microfilm 1,958,807.

Because this record is in Russian and because it is so long, transcription and translation of this record has required more time than I usually need to transcribe and translate a record written in a foreign language.

For now, I know that Jan Niedziałkowski is the son of my great-great grandparents, Wojciech Niedziałkowski and Julianna Gutowska, that Julianna Pomoska is the daughter of Józef Pomaski and Marianna Chodkowska, and that the marriage took place in the parish in Szwelice on 13 February 1889.

Completion of the full transcription and translation will have to wait until tomorrow, but I think this record may supply some critical information to help me break down a brickwall concerning my great grandfather, Teofil Niedziałkowski.

UPDATE 28 Sep 2008: The transcription and translation of this record are reported in Part 2 of this article.

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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The Marriage of André Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois – 1874

On 24 Aug 1874, André Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois were married in the parish of St. Joseph in Shédiac, New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada.

The Marriage Record of Andre Poirier and Philomene Bourgeois - 1874

The Marriage Record of André Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois – 1874

SOURCE: Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montréal, Québec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin. Shédiac, New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada, 1874. Marriage Record of André Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois, page 30.

Click on the image above to enlarge it. Click on the link for a PDF copy of the Marriage Record of André Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois – 1874. Translated from the French the record reads:

M[arriage]. 10
André Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois

          On the twenty-eighth of August one-thousand eight-hundred seventy-four, considering the dispensation of four with the fourth degree of consanguinity as thus the dispensation of two banns of publication accorded by us under the terms of the capacities granted to us by his eminence T- Sweeney, Bishop of St. Jean, N[ew] B[runswick]. Considering also the publication of one bann of marriage made at the homily of our parish mass between André Poirier, son of legal age of Simon Poirier and Henriette Arsenault of this parish of the first part and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois, daughter under legal age of Armand Bourgeois and Modeste Foster of the parish of Grande Digue (Visitation) of the second part. Not finding any other impediment to marriage and having the consent of the parents of the daughter, We the undersigned parish priest, having received their mutual consent for marriage and having given them the nuptial benediction in the presence of Napoleon Bourgue, Obeline Poirier and others.
                                                        P.Beaudet, priest/c.s.c.

This marriage record is more complicated than most because, from what I can tell from my limited knowledge of French, it includes a discussion of the fact that André Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois are related to each other and had to receive a dispensation in order to marry . 

This record can be found as image 37/260 in the Acadia French Catholic Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1670-1946 on Ancestry.com as part of the records for Shédiac 1863-1899. The record appears on page 30.

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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The Marriage of William H. McGinn and Léa A. Poirier – 1895

On 15 May 1895, William H. McGinn and Léa Poirier were married in the parish of St. Joseph, Shédiac, New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada.

The Marriage Record of William H. McGinn and Lea A. Poirier - 1895

The Marriage Record of William H. McGinn and Léa Poirier – 1895

SOURCE: Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montréal, Québec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin. Shédiac, New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada, 1895. Marriage Record of William H. McGinn & Léa A. Poirier, page 129.

Click on the image above to enlarge it. Click on the link for a PDF copy of the Marriage Record of William H. McGinn and Léa A. Poirier – 1895. Translated from the French the record reads:

M[arriage]. 4
William H. McGinn + Léa A. Poirier

 On the fifteenth of May 1895, with the dispensation of two bans, the other having been announced at mass the parish, not having found any impediment to the marriage between William H. McGinn, son of legal age of Patrick McGinn and Mary Jane Ellison of Fredericton of the first part, and Léa A. Poirier, daughter under legal age of André S. Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois of this parish of the second part. We have secured their mutual consent in the presence of Charles M. McGinn and Emma A. Poirier.
                                                        Ant. Ouellet, priest

This record can be found as image 229/260 in the Acadia French Catholic Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1670-1946 on Ancestry.com as part of the records for Shédiac 1863-1899. The record appears on page 129.

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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Carnival of Eastern European Genealogy – First (Given) Names

I’m pleased to host the Eleventh Edition of the Carnival of Eastern European Genealogy this month.

The topic for this edition is First (Given) Names: Did any of your ancestors have an unusual given name? Have you discovered the meanings behind the given names of your ancestors? Did your ancestors use any naming patterns for their children? Are there any given names that are particularly common in your family history? Did any of your ancestors have given names that you particularly like or dislike? Does your family celebrate “Name Days”? Did your immigrant ancestors change their given names after they arrived in America? Tell us about the first (given) names in your family. You can concentrate on one name, a few names, or you can go wild and write about the first names of all your ancestors!

Jessica Oswalt of Jessica’s Genejournal describes how many of her German ancestors had more than one given name. Most genealogists have struggled with trying to find their ancestors when the records used creative spellings of their names, but some of Jessica’s ancestors present another problem when they used any one of their multiple given names in different documents. Read about Jessica’s adventures with multiple given names and given names that were unusual for Germans in My German Ancestors: Naming Patterns and Odd Names … Thanks for an interesting look at unusual challenges with given names, Jessica!

Schelly Talalay Dardashti of Tracing the Tribe: The Jewish Genealogy Blog writes about her family’s practice of naming children after their relatives. This practice results in an interesting conundrum when all the children in a single family decided to name one of their sons after the child’s grandfather. And so, today, anyone with the name Leib Talalay, wherever he may live, is probably a cousin. Read all the details at Here’s a Leib, there’s a Leib! While you’re at it, you’ll find out why Schelly’s daughter loves her given name and initials, and why Schelly was once known as Shirley! Thanks for a great article, Schelly. It’s a fascinating read!

Lisa of 100 Years in America tells us about the wonderful Hungarian and Croatian given names in her family tree. She’s partial to her ancestors’ original given names, even though many of them changed their names to something more American after they immigrated to the United States. Who can blame her? The names Ilona and Etelka sing of her family’s rich cultural traditions and history. But, sometimes, finding the names of your ancestors in immigrant passenger lists involves more than just looking for creative spellings! Find out how Lisa discovered the real names of Cisto Toth and Ujlaki Ferenczné by reading ídí¡m to Zsuzsanna: Hungarian & Croatian given names in the family tree. What a wonderful look at given names and their variants, Lisa!

Julie Cahill Tarr at GenBlog details the naming patterns in her father’s family where maiden names were used as middle names. Julie goes on to tell us about her ancestors’ given names, both those that were frequently used and those that are unique, such as Marcella (one of her favorites) and Dorcas (one of my favorites). And why does Julie want to give her children names that begin with the letter “J”? Read My Family’s Given Names to find out! Thanks for an interesting and well-sourced article, Julie! (I’m sure you’ve plucked footnoteMaven‘s heartstrings with your source citations, too!)

The title of Donna Pointkouski’s carnival contribution, Call Me Ishmael, is likely to grab the reader’s attention, especially if you’re of a literary bent. Donna’s family tree is full of Joes and Marys, but a number of her ancestors were given first names that will attract attention as readily as the name Ishmael . Donna’s Bavarian ancestors sported such names as Dionys, Kresensz, Wolfgang, and Walburga, and her Polish ancestors bore the names Wawrzyniec, Wacława, Hilary, and Teofila. Read the full article on Donna’s blog What’s Past is Prologue to learn the meanings behind these names. Thanks so much for a fascinating article, Donna!

When many of your Polish ancestors are named Jan or Marianna, how do you sort out one from the other? Jasia of Creative Gene tells us about the various nicknames used to distinguish cousins with the same given name. And what about naming patterns? Jasia describes the Galician practice of naming children after specific relatives and the practice of naming children after the saint on whose feast day the child was born . What would Jasia have been named if her parents had followed one of these practices? The title of Jasia’s post gives away part of the answer, but to find out the rest of the story, you’ll have to read Polish First Names (I should be Sophie). Thanks for contributing to the Carnival of Eastern European Genealogy, Jasia. After reading your article, I’m even more convinced that we must have been separated at birth!

Al of Al’s Polish-American Genealogy Research writes that his ancestors from the Lipusz parish in Poland started a naming tradition that has continued on with their descendants in America for 200 years. Some of Al’s Wierzba ancestors were given unique names such as Wojciech, Bartlomiej, and Kazimierz, but many distant cousins, even those with little contact with the rest of the family have provided their children with the same given names. Read his article Given Names: A Submission for the Carnival of Eastern European Genealogy to learn more about the common and uncommon names in Al’s family tree. Thanks for telling us about the given names in your family history, Al!

The last entry in this month’s Carnival of Eastern European Genealogy is my own at Steve’s Genealogy Blog. My earliest known Niedziałkowski ancestors tended to name their children for a saint whose feast day was near, but not necessarily on the day of the child’s birth or baptism. This practice meant that given names were seldom reused unless a child died at a young age, at which time the name of the deceased child would be given to the next born child of the same sex. Prior to the time when my grandfather immigrated to America, most of my Niedziałkowski relatives bore a single given name. There are some exceptions, however, including one cousin who was given what is probably my favorite name: Faustina Apolonia Obidzieńska. You can read the entire article, Given Names in the Niedziałkowski Family.

And so ends this Eleventh Edition of the Carnival of Eastern European Genealogy. Thanks so much, Jessica, for allowing me to host the Carnival this month, and many, many thanks to all the bloggers who contributed. I really enjoyed putting this together!

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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The Birth and Baptism of Anne Marie Lea Poirier – 1875

On 29 Jul 1875, Anne Marie Lea Poirier, daughter of André Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois, was born. She was baptized in the parish of St. Joseph, Shédiac, New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada on 30 Jul 1875.

The Birth and Baptismal Record of Anne Marie Lea Poirier - 1875

The Birth and Baptismal Record of Anne Marie Lea Poirier – 1875

SOURCE: Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montréal, Québec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin. Shédiac, New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada, 1875. Birth and Baptismal Record of Anna Maria Lea Poirier, page 48.

Click on the image above to enlarge it. Click on the link for a PDF copy of the Birth and Baptismal Record of Anne Marie Lea Poirier – 1875. Translated from the French the record reads:

B[aptism]. 36.
Anne Marie Lea Poirier

On the thirtieth of July one-thousand eight-hundred seventy-five, I the undersigned priest have baptized Anne Marie Lea, born on the 29th of the legitimate marriage of André Poirier and Philomí¨ne Bourgeois. The Godfather was Pascal Poirier. The Godmother was Henriette Poirier.
                                                        P. Beaudel, Priest/G.S.C.

This record can be found as image 46/260 in the Acadia French Catholic Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1670-1946 on Ancestry.com as part of the records for Shédiac 1863-1899. The record appears on page 48.

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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The Marriage of Pascal Poirier and Mathilda Celeste Casgrain

Pascal Poirier and Mathilda Celeste Casgrain were married on 09 Jan 1917 in Ottawa, Carleton County, Ontario, Canada.

Pascal Poirier

Pascal Poirier

SOURCE: Pascal Poirier. Photographed by Jules Alexandre Castonguay (photograph in the public domain, Library and Archives Canada).

The Marriage Record of Pascal Poirier and Mathilda Casgrain - 1917

The Marriage Record of Pascal Poirier and Mathilda Celeste Casgrain – 1917

SOURCE: Ontario, Canada Marriages, 1857-1924, No. 015152, Poirier-Casgrain, 1917; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 22 September 2008); citing Archives of Ontario microfilm MS932, reel 428.

This marriage was the second for Pascal Poirier and the first for Mathilda Casgrain. Click on the document image above to see an enlarged image. Click on the link for a PDF copy of the Marriage Record of Pascal Poirier and Mathilda Casgrain – 1917.

The record states that:

  • Pascal Poirier, age 64, was born and residing in Shediac, New Brunswick
  • He was a Roman Catholic widower whose occupation was senator
  • His parents were Simon Poirier and Henriette Arsenault
  • Mathilda Celeste Casgrain, age 49, was born in Quebec and residing in Ontario
  • She was a Roman Catholic spinster
  • Her parents were Philippe Baby Casgrain and Mathilda Perreault
  • The marriage took place in Ottawa, Carleton County, Ontario, Canada
  • The Rev. Charles Edward Paqueth solemnized the marriage

Pascal Poirier made history as the first Acadian appointed to the Canadian Parliament. He served in parliament for a total of 48 years, 6 months, 18 days.

Pascal’s wife, Mathilda Celeste Casgrain, was the daughter of another senator, Joseph Philippe Baby Casgrain, another prestigious figure in the history of Canada.

This document shows that Pascal Poirier was the son of Simon Poirier and Henriette Arsenault. As such, he was the grand uncle of Leo McGinn, who in turn was the husband of my aunt, Bertha (Bronisława) Danko.

I had previously known that Leo McGinn was related to Pascal Poirier, but I did not know the relationship. My cousin Jim (who is the great-great-grand nephew of Pascal Poirier) is visiting in San Francisco this week and he clarified the relationships for me.

This record can be found as image 873/1133 in the Ontario, Canada Marriages, 1857-1924 on Ancestry.com as part of the records for Carleton 1917. The record appears as number 015152.

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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Given Names in the Niedziałkowski Family

In some Polish families, given names are reused, with children being named for other relatives. Not so in mine. In fact, the only times that names were deliberately reused was when a child died at a young age and the same name was used for another child born to the same parents.

With my earliest known Niedziałkowski ancestors, children were given the names of saints whose feast days were celebrated at about the time of the children’s births. The feast day of the saint for whom a child was named became his or her Name Day, or Imieniny.

My 6th great grandparents, Krzysztof Niedziałkowski and Kostancja Żaboklicka, named their children as follows:

  • Barbara, baptized 31 Dec 1713, name day 04 Dec
  • Ignace, baptized 13 Feb 1718, name day 01 Feb
  • Kazimierz, born 27 Feb 1722, name day 04 Mar
  • Marianna, baptized 14 Aug 1725, name day 15 Aug
  • Klara, baptized 15 Aug 1727, name day 12 Aug
  • Katarzyna, baptized 08 May 1729, name day 30 Apr
  • Szymon, baptized 14 Oct 1731, name day 28 Oct
  • Katarzyna, baptized 21 Mar 1734, name day 22 Mar

The name days usually were not the same as the date of birth or baptism, but were fairly close to those dates. Later generations did not seem to hold so closely to choosing a given name based on a name day that was close to the date of birth.

In general, my ancestors gave their children only one name, a common practice in Poland. Some children, however, received two names:

  • Martina Anna Niedziałkowska (daughter of Ignace Niedziałkowski and Zofia Szamińska) 
  • Faustina Apolonia Obidzieńska (daughter of Józef Obidzieński and Katarzyna Niedziałkowska)
  • Jan Wojciech Niedziałkowski (son of Tomasz Niedziałkowski and Cecylia Chotkowska)

Faustina Apolonia Obidzieńska, my first cousin six times removed, was given a name that I find particularly interesting. She was baptized on 28 Feb 1762, and her name days are 15 Feb (Faustina) and 09 Feb (Apolonia). I don’t know anything about the Saint Faustina for whom she was named, but it was surely not the well-known Saint Faustina who lived in the 20th century. Saint Apolonia was a martyr for the faith whose teeth were knocked out by anti-Christian persecutors. She died in the year 249 and is the patron saint of dentists.

Written for the Carnival of Eastern European Genealogy.

Copyright © 2008 by Stephen J. Danko

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